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DOI: https://doi.org/10.46502/issn.1856-7576/2022.16.03.13
Using of the language factor in modern conflicts of various
levels
Uso del factor lenguaje en conflictos modernos de varios niveles
Tetiana Vydaichuk
t.vydaichuk@kubg.edu.ua
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-0006
PhD in Linguistics, Associate Professor, Docent, Department of Ukrainian Language, Institute of
Philology, Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Natalia Rusachenko
n.rusachenko@kubg.edu.ua
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0354-2900
PhD in Linguistics, Associate Professor, Docent, Department of Ukrainian Language, Institute of
Philology, Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Nataliia Lakhno
n.lakhno@kubg.edu.ua
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5741-463X
PhD in Linguistics, Associate Professor, Docent, Department of Ukrainian Language, Institute of
Philology, Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Hanna Moskalchuk
h.moskalchuk@kubg.edu.ua
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6806-4954
Methodist, Educational and Methodological Center of Accreditation and Licensing Borys Grinchenko
Kyiv University, Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Tetiana Nesterenko
tetiananesterenko1207@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8987-4350
Candidate of Philological Sciences. Associate Professor, Department of Ukrainian Philology and
Journalism, Faculty of Ukrainian Philology, Foreign Languages and Social Communications,
Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian State Pedagogical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine.
Recibido: 19/05/22
Aceptado: 23/08/22
Abstract
Language is the basis of a nation's cultural identity. The language is formed over the
years, absorbing traditions, national identity, reflecting the peculiarities of everyday life,
culture, crafts, traditions, and religion. The history of the people is clearly reflected in
linguistic features. As a result of geopolitical processes, some languages of the world
become more widespread or are considered languages of international communication,
such as English, while other languages die out, turning into languages that are almost not
used, and their use among peoples is artificially supported thanks to special cultural
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programs. The article analyzes the real causes of conflicts based on the use of language
and analyzes the current geopolitical situation. To confirm the hypotheses put forward in
the article, the results of the conducted sociological survey and its interpretation with the
projection of the results for the formation of geopolitical development trends based on the
use of language issues in geopolitical positioning are given.
Keywords: national self-identity, language issue, geopolitical situation, language
conflicts, international development, causes of national.
Resumen
El idioma es la base de la identidad cultural de una nación. El idioma se forma a lo largo
de los años, absorbiendo tradiciones, identidad nacional, reflejando las peculiaridades
de la vida cotidiana, la cultura, la artesanía, las tradiciones y la religión. La historia del
pueblo se refleja claramente en los rasgos lingüísticos. Como resultado de procesos
geopolíticos, algunas lenguas del mundo se generalizan o son consideradas lenguas de
comunicación internacional, como el inglés, mientras que otras lenguas se extinguen,
convirtiéndose en lenguas que casi no se utilizan, y se apoya artificialmente su uso entre
los pueblos. gracias a programas culturales especiales. El artículo analiza las causas
reales de los conflictos basados en el uso del lenguaje y analiza la situación geopolítica
actual. Para confirmar las hipótesis planteadas en el artículo, se entregan los resultados
de la encuesta sociológica realizada y su interpretación con la proyección de los
resultados para la formación de tendencias de desarrollo geopolítico a partir del uso de
las cuestiones del lenguaje en el posicionamiento geopolítico.
Palabras clave: autoidentidad nacional, problema lingüístico, situación geopolítica,
conflictos lingüísticos, desarrollo internacional, causas de lo nacional.
1. Introduction
The formation of national self-awareness and identity takes place, firstly, using language,
its study, use in everyday life, positioning in the world. Therefore, the territories that were
under the rule of other nationalities during different historical periods are faced with the
problem of preserving or restoring the wide use of the language that dominated this
territory historically. States that have a certain influence on these territories (satellite
states, former colonial states, states that have economic dependence, states that have
gained independence and are only forming the foundations of their own statehood, etc.)
try to maintain their geopolitical influence, including by seeking mechanisms of minimizing
the processes of historical language development in these territories. The question of the
impact on the language development of various historical periods, which contributed to
the formation of the modern language ecosystem in the world, is relevant. Statistics are
interesting, if we turn to the question of the most used language in the world by the
number of native speakers, then among the main languages will be Chinese
(1,296,461,000 people), Spanish (460,000,000 people), English (379 000,000 people),
Hindi (341,000,000 people), Arabic (313,177,600). At the same time, the analysis of the
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most widespread languages by the number of countries in which the language is
considered native is a little different. In particular, English is the language of international
communication, despite the fact that the area of the continent where this language
originated is only 130 thousand square kilometers, English is spoken in 137 countries of
the world. Arabic is spoken in 59 countries, French in 54 countries (although this language
is not even among the TOP-5 languages used by most people on the planet). Therefore,
these statistical data make it possible to determine the influence of language on
geopolitical processes, and the formation of political, cultural, economic, and social
dependence of states on the state whose language is the basic language in the country.
At the same time, it is worth noting that such systems were formed in different historical
periods, under the influence of different historical factors. Most of the language systems
formed in the territories of those countries where the language is not native to people
were formed by imposing this language, through military and civil conflicts, political
influences, the conquest of territories, etc. So, the article determines the interdependence
of the factors of language development and the formation of conflicts because of the
language issue in different territories in different historical periods.
2. The purpose of the article
Therefore, the purpose of the article is to find the interrelationships of language issues in
the origin and development of conflicts at different levels. In accordance with the goal of
the research set in the article, the following tasks were completed:
− a retrospective analysis of language issues was carried out by analyzing outstanding
historical events and their impact on the spread of the language at the global level,
− the conflicts that started on the basis of the resolution of the language issue were
defined and analyzed,
− a sociological survey was conducted and its results were summarized, with the
subsequent projection of the results on a modern map of military conflicts in the world,
− the search for ways to overcome crisis situations and conflicts that started due to the
language issue was carried out.
3. Literature review
The beginning of the development of civilizations is usually equated with the development
of speech and language. Initially, life in a collective, which was determined by the need
for joint hunting and protection of one's territory, determined the requirement for the ability
to exchange information - to create systems of sounds, and later symbols,
understandable to a certain community, for the purpose of transmitting the information.
The expansion and development of information transmission systems gradually led to the
appearance of language and speech in humans (Green, and Scott (2011)). Historians
associate the new civilized period of human development with the emergence of the
communications system. The formation of the skill of speaking dates back to
approximately 2.5 million years ago, during the period of Homo habilis. People of this
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period did not yet have a language, but could produce a system of sounds that differed
from each other, accordingly, their fellow tribesmen could understand the need that
caused the appearance of a particular sound in another representative of the tribe (Park
(2007)). With the development of different parts of the brain, researchers separately
highlighted the development of Broca's area, which is responsible for the language area
(Šubrt (2019)).
Therefore, the formation of the first civilizational formations is associated both with the
processes of uniting people into groups to lead a common life, and with the emergence
of speech, which helped representatives of the same group to communicate with each
other, and also ensured their self-identification - the understanding of belonging to one or
another group.
Changes in climatic conditions, the need to unite for protection not only from wild animals,
but also from neighboring tribes who fought for access to better lands with drinking water
and territories for hunting, determined the need to form not just groups, but to create these
groups a certain hierarchy. The transition from a nomadic to a settled way of life
determined new requirements for establishing a household, and an increase in the
number of members of one group also determined the need for further development of
the broadcasting system (Šubrt (2019)).
With the development of settled land use, certain social relations began to appear, which
can be characterized as the seeds of the modern system of statehood. The first
civilizations formed on the territory of Africa and Asia formed the seeds of statehood, and
the basis of self-identification, the formation of people belonging to one state, even to one
civilization, was language itself (Brokalaki, and Patsiaouras (2022)). The first written
references to the way of life, life activities, culture, and traditions of ancient peoples, which
were able to be preserved only thanks to the appearance of language and speech in the
state, and later writing, have reached our times. Communications and writing helped form
the mechanisms of state administration: records of historical events, orders, keeping
records of household items, conducting trade transactions - all these processes became
possible only when people learned to speak and, having developed a separate system of
signs, to write. Language has become not only an element of identification of a person to
a certain tribe, but also a means of developing household and economic relations.
Therefore, the analysis of the first civilizations made it possible to determine the functions
that language performed in ancient civilizations:
− self-identification, formation of belonging to a certain hierarchical group,
− running a household, trading operations,
− a way of passing down traditions from generation to generation.
With the development of shipping and the formation of a system of settlements of
representatives of the same states in different territories, the movement of culture,
peculiarities of life, traditions and languages across the territories that were mastered
began. For example, during the Hellenistic period, the Greeks built their colonies
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settlements on the territories of Southern Italy, Sicily, the coast of the Black and Azov
seas, and near the southern coast of Asia Minor. The sociopolitical, economic, and
cultural influences of the ancient Hellenes spread to these territories. Although over the
years, most of the Greeks who settled in these territories were assimilated by those
peoples who came to conquer these territories after the construction of city-polices there,
local settlements of Greeks, their culture, traditions, and language continue to develop in
the system of local diasporas (Kavoura, and Bitsani (2013), Ellis-Barrett (2017)).
If the Hellenistic period is characterized by the creation of new settlements, then the
period of the antiquity of the Ancient Roman Empire was already characterized by the
imposition of laws, rules, norms of life, lifestyle, traditions, culture, and language on those
peoples who were conquered during the creation of the empire.
With the collapse of the Great Roman Empire and the beginning of the Age of Great
Geographical Discoveries, the states of medieval Europe also began to spread their signs
of self-identity to other countries: those they fought with or those they turned into colonies.
The era of the great Christian campaigns determined the confrontation between the two
faiths, Christian and Muslim (Salifu Mahama (2012)). In essence, the wars that lasted for
a long period were very bloody and characterized by intolerance of people of one religion
to people of another religion, in fact, they were caused only by the struggle for material
resources and power over these resources (Sirin (2012), Maney (2005)). The ideological
basis of these conflicts was intended only to justify to society the reason for their
appearance because the material goods won during these wars went only to a small pro-
government group, and the mass population had to understand that the struggle was
waged precisely on an ideological basis (Uluğ and Cohrs (2017)).
Since the beginning of the colonial period, most of the participants of the conquering
expeditions were nevertheless focused on the search for precious metals, minerals, and
other resources that were expensive in the homeland and could provide a person with a
safe existence. The ideological basis of these processes was no longer so fundamental,
the conquistadors mastered new lands with the aim of forming settlements, recruiting
slaves, and enriching themselves. The most prosperous lands of South America and
Africa were conquered, and the population lost its identity, language, religion, and lifestyle
and the system of state formation was imposed (Garcelon (2014), Odugu (2020)).
An important stage of social transformation was also the industrial revolution, which
caused revolutionary currents in England, France, and other European countries, and the
First World War caused the collapse of those empires that did not accept the changes of
innovative development Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire. The latter,
both during the tsarist period and during the period of the Bolshevik regime, imposed its
rules on the occupied territories and carried out violent Russification of the peoples who
traditionally lived in these territories. With the annexation of new territories, either
representatives of local clans loyal to the imperial authorities or directly imperial governors
came to power, whose activities were aimed at destroying national self-identification,
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including the destruction of the language, translation of books, textbooks, training,
information sources into the Russian language, bans and suppression of the language of
the peoples who lived in the occupied territory (Ismail (2014), Elliott (1986)). With the
collapse of the Soviet Union, the issue of national self-identification of the independent
states that regained their independence because of the collapse gained great relevance.
Accordingly, the part of the population that was Russified or the Russian population that
was resettled for the assimilation of territories, with the help of propaganda and
information warfare, is used for the purpose of carrying out social transformations and
provoking civil or military conflicts (Odugu (2020)). The results of the analysis were
grouped and presented as an author's development - a retrospective matrix of causal
relationships of the transformation of the language issue in the context of social
challenges.
4. Methodology
The research is based on the analysis of the world's leading experience in solving
language issues to prevent possible social and political conflicts. In order to provide a
comprehensive analysis, the authors turned to the retrospective of the issue, using the
methods of literary analysis of scientific periodicals, modern sources of information, where
the analysis of cause and effect relationships of language issues, its development and
conflicts between different countries, as well as civil conflicts is carried out. Conducting a
retrospective analysis made it possible to make a projection of the influence of various
states on the formation of the social system, including the language issue, which was
drawn on the world map with the indication of historical periods and the results of certain
historical processes. Projection and further analysis of trends by forecasting the
development of events through the formation of a system of influencing factors on
language development and geopolitical positioning made it possible to determine modern
centers of possible conflicts. By conducting a sociological survey, analyzing its data, and
confirming the reliability of the results by using correlation-regression analysis of the
obtained results, the hypothesis of the influence of the language issue on global and local
conflicts was put forward. As a result of the conducted research, recommendations were
provided on the possibilities of avoiding language-based conflicts by implementing best
practices of tolerance and tolerance as an element of sustainable development.
5. Results
Conducting a retrospective analysis of the development of historical processes, their
impact on transformations in society and the role of language in these processes made it
possible to develop a matrix of causal relationships of the transformation of the language
issue in the conditions of social challenges - Table 1.
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Table 1.
The matrix of cause-and-effect relationships of the transformation of the language issue
in the conditions of social challenges.
Historical period
Causes of social
transformations
Consequences of
social
transformations
The role of
language in social
transformations
A change in the
spread of the
language to other
countries
Development of the
first civilizations
Change in forms and
methods of work,
leading a household,
transition to a
sedentary lifestyle
The formation of the
first state formations,
the first self-
identification of the
population by
belonging to certain
social and public
groups
Language became
the basis of the
hierarchical
structure of the first
civilizations, allowed
people to self-
identify in a certain
group
The appearance of
the first languages,
alphabets, writing
systems, etc.
Formation of the first
families of
languages
Age of Hellenism
The development of
shipping led to the
formation of cities-
settlements on the
territory of the coast,
which bordered the
state of the Hellenes
The formation of
social systems like
the systems of the
Ancient Greeks,
which allowed
territories to develop
based on the best
developments in the
philosophical and
social sciences
Exchange of
scientific and
philosophical
knowledge, cultural
exchange, formation
of the foundations of
Hellenistic state
formation,
development of the
first cities-
settlements through
the spread of
language, culture,
and social
development
The spread of the
language in the
territory where new
settlements were
formed
The era of the Great
Roman Empire
Conquest of new
territories for the
purpose of
enrichment and
expansion of power
The formation of a
powerful empire, the
individual territories
of which preserved
their own self-
identification: the
language of
tradition, everyday
life
Language was not a
problematic aspect
of the formation of
the empire, because
the territories were
subordinated
primarily to the
imperial authority,
and national self-
identification was not
a priority of the
conquerors
Language mixing
through the first ever
powerful
globalization
movement within a
single empire
Colonial period
The Age of Great
Geographical
Discoveries and the
superiority of
numerous countries
in technological
development
allowed the start of
colonial wars of
conquest on the
American, African,
and Asian continents
The colonizers
destroyed the social
order of the colonial
territories, including
social processes,
religion, and
language.
Language became a
tool for the
destruction of
national self-
identification and an
opportunity to
communicate with
enslaved peoples
without obstacles
The spread of
Spanish,
Portuguese, English,
and French
languages to the
colonial countries of
Africa, Asia, and
America
The collapse of the
empires of Central
Due to the
obsolescence of
The collapse of the
empires led to a
The restoration of
national self-
An attempt to
develop the national
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and Eastern
Europe
socio-political and
socio-economic
processes, which
were caused by the
inhibition of the
processes of
technological
development due to
obstacles from the
ruling elites, the
collapse of empires
and their reformation
took place
partial recovery of
the national self-
identification of the
peoples that were
part of them
identification
manifested itself in
the spread of the
language of those
peoples who were
under the influence
of the empire
languages of the
peoples that were
part of the empires
The period of
Bolshevism
After a short period
of support for
national self-
identification,
Russification, and
harsh terror of those
who developed the
processes of
national self-
identification began
Forced Russification
had a significant
impact on the
formation of the
culture and history of
the peoples that
were part of the
USSR, national self-
identification was
destroyed and
subordinated to the
interests of the
central government
Russification
contributed to the
spread of the
Russian language to
the regions and
territories that were
captured, the
national languages
of the territories were
destroyed or
subordinated to the
interests of the
central government
The spread of the
Russian language to
the countries of the
post-Soviet space:
Ukraine, Belarus,
Kazakhstan,
Turkmenistan,
Tajikistan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Armenia, Georgia,
Azerbaijan, Latvia,
Lithuania, Estonia,
Moldova
The
overpopulation
crisis
The rapid population
growth of the
countries led to the
first position in the
TOP language
usage of the country
with the largest
population
Expanding the
influence of
countries with the
largest population in
economic and social
development
The development of
the economy and the
need for a labor
force, the
involvement of high-
tech specialists led
to the greater
popularization of the
language of China
and India, which
were able to ensure
the development of
the economy,
including due to
many the labor force
The increasing
number of people
using Chinese and
Hindi
Current state
The development of
the processes of
sustainable
development,
democracy,
freedom, and
tolerance
determined the
opportunities for
national self-
identification of
countries that did not
have such an
opportunity
Formation of new
principles of social
development based
on freedom and
democracy
Language again
becomes an element
of national self-
identification, its free
use allows people to
choose, the global
nature of socio-
economic processes
led to the formation
of the language of
international
communication -
English
The formation of the
modern number of
languages and
dialects
Therefore, analyzing the data in the table and the results of the retrospective analysis, it
was determined that at the initial stages of the development of civilization, language
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served as an element of communication to provide for everyday needs, later the issue of
language became an issue of cultural exchanges and the development of society, but
very soon the issue of language turned into mechanisms of influence of some social
groups to others, from one state to other states. Thus, the manipulation of language and
national identity issues turned into political issues.
It is possible to prove the hypothesis regarding the processes of political language
manipulation for the purpose of developing conflicts by analyzing the relationship between
the number of countries in which a certain language is spoken and the number of conflicts,
which is presented in Table 2.
Table 2.
The relationship between political conflicts and the number of countries speaking the
same language.
Language
Number of countries where this
language is spoken
The number of conflicts on a national basis
English
137: UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, Papua New Guinea and many
other countries in Oceania, Ireland, East
Africa, South Africa, Nigeria, Gambia,
Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guyana,
Belize, most of the West Indies, Cyprus,
Malta, Philippines
Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902, The Falklands War
1982, British colonial wars (1803-1805; 1814-1816;
1817-1818; 1823-1826; 1839-1842; 1845-1846,
1848-1849; 1845-1872), Black War in Tasmania
1819, Indian Wars. "Road of Tears" (1831), Sepoy
uprising (1857-1858), Second Anglo-Burmese War
(1852-1853)
Arabic
59: countries of North Africa, Saudi
Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Yemen and other
countries of the Middle East
French
54: France, Monaco, Luxembourg,
Belgium, Switzerland, Italy (Vallee
d'Aosta), Canada (Quebec), West and
Central Africa, Djibouti, Tunisia,
Comoros, Vanuatu, USA (Louisiana)
Madagascar uprising 1947-1948, French Algeria
(1830-1862; Rise of Abd al-Qadir)
Chinese
39: China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864),
Spanish
31: Spain, South America (except Brazil,
Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana),
Mexico, Central America (except Belize),
Equatorial Guinea, Cuba, Dominican
Republic
Spanish War (for the independence of Catalonia)
1936-1939, Rif War 1921-1926, War for the
independence of the Spanish colonies in America
(1810-1826), First Pacific War (1864–1866),
Cuba's Ten Years' War for Independence from
Spain (1868-1878)
Persian
30: Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan
German
28: Germany, Austria, Switzerland,
Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Belgium
The war of the second coalition 1798-1802,
Russian
19: Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan,
Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia,
Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan,
Georgia (as well as Abkhazia and South
Ossetia), Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Germany,
Israel, USA and other countries
Gromadyanskaya war in Russia 1917-1922, The
Hungarian crisis 1956, Czechoslovak crisis 1968,
Romanian uprising 1989,
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Turkish
4: Turkey, Germany, Bulgaria, Cyprus
Serbian uprisings (1804-1813; 1815-1817).
Russian-Turkish war (1806-1812). Greek
Revolution (1821-1830). Dispersal of the Janissary
corps (1826). Russian-Turkish war (1828-1829).
Bosnian uprising (1831), Crimean War (1853-
1856), "April uprising of the Bulgarians" in the
Ottoman Empire (1876), Greco-Turkish War (1897)
The table presents the military conflicts of the 19th-21st century, which related to the
national liberation struggle. After analyzing all the conflicts that were presented in the
table, the following reasons for the occurrence of wars based on national problems were
identified:
− national liberation movement in the colonial and post-colonial periods,
− protection of national self-identity within empires,
− formation of national self-identity after leaving the power of empires,
− formation of national self-identity after the collapse of empires,
− protection of national self-identity when former empires try to regain their influence on
the state.
The analysis also showed that those countries that did not spread the language through
the processes of evolutionary development of civilization, and not through colonial ways,
did not have military conflicts based on the language issue in recent centuries (in
particular, countries where Arabic and Persian languages are widespread). Also, there
were practically no military conflicts based on the language issue in China because the
country also developed monolithically, and not by joining its empire of separate
independent territories.
Imperialist influence consists in keeping pro-imperial elements in power, focusing
attention on the formation of pro-imperial elites, and restoring control over resources. In
this aspect, the place and role of the language issue as an element of influence on an
independent state after its stay as part of the empire is interesting.
We can cite an example of using the language issue to restore imperial ambitions in the
post-Soviet space. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, member states got the
opportunity to form their own international, economic, and social policies. The restoration
of national self-identity has begun: the development of education in the country's native
language, the restoration and development of national culture, literature, and historical
heritage. However, there was practically no change in the ruling elites, especially at the
level of individual regions, which determined a certain influence of the Russian Federation
on the processes of forming the sociopolitical system and the processes of state
formation. Gradually, this influence was minimized due to generational changes and the
formation of new social priorities. We present the data for analysis in Table 3.
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Tetiana Vydaichuk, Natalia Rusachenko, Nataliia Lakhno, Hanna Moskalchuk, Tetiana Nesterenko
Revista de Tecnología de Información y Comunicación en Educación • Volumen 16, N° 3. Julio-septiembre 2022
187
Table 3.
Analysis of the language structure of the population of Ukraine 2001-2022.
Year
The fate of those who consider Ukrainian
their native language in the population
structure
The fate of those who consider Russian their
native language in the population structure
2001
50,4%
29,6
2010
57%
25,3%
2022
83%
15%
Therefore, the analysis of statistical data on the language structure of the population
shows a tendency towards a decrease in the number of the population that defines
Russian as their native language. With the beginning of full-scale Russian aggression
against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the number of people who identify Russian as
their native language has reached a historic low since the beginning of independence. At
the same time, the number of people who define the Ukrainian language as their native
language has increased significantly, which determines the high degree of self-
identification caused by the full-scale invasion.
To determine the influence of the language issue on the formation of conflicts, a
sociological survey was conducted among Ukrainians after the start of full-scale military
aggression. The survey results are presented in Table 4.
Table 4.
Mutual coordination of influencing factors on the formation of conflicts.
Impact factor
Assessment of impact on a 10-
point scale, respondents by
age
The coefficient of correlation of indicators
18-25
26-35
36-50
51-
more
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F1 Language
factor
8
8
7
5
-0,98
-0,98
0,98
-0,91
-0,81
F2 Economic
factors
6
6
7
7
-0,98
0,904534
-0,98
-0,90
0,90
F3 Struggle for
resources
6
6
7
8
-0,98
0,904534
1
-1
0,94
F4 Struggle for
territories
4
4
5
6
0,98
-0,98
1
-1
0,94
F5 The struggle
for human
capital
5
5
4
3
-0,91
0,90
-1
-1
-0,94
F6 Geopolitical
struggle
7
8
9
10
-0,81
0,90
0,94
0,94
-0,94
Conducting a sociological survey among Ukrainians after the beginning of the full-scale
military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine made it possible to
determine the high correlation dependence of numerous causes of conflicts in
Eduweb, 2022, julio-septiembre, v.16, n.3. ISSN: 1856-7576
188
independent territories that emerged from the composition of imperial formations through
the analysis of correlation ties.
6. Discussion
So, as a result of the analysis, the factors influencing the formation of national self-identity
and the struggle of peoples for it in the conditions of the colonial system and the formation
and collapse of empires were determined. After analyzing the conflicts of the 19th-21st
century, the main historical events that became the cause-and-effect relationships of their
appearance were determined, in particular: the national liberation movement in colonial
countries, the protection of national identity as part of empires, the formation of national
identity after leaving the power of empires, when the former empires tried to regain their
influence on the state. Language as an element of the formation of national self-identity
was identified as one of the factors that can provoke conflict in the event of oppression.
The analysis of post-Soviet independent countries, where the reverse influence is
observed, became interesting. In connection with the Russification of parts of the empire
during the period of the tsarist and Bolshevik regimes, in an attempt to restore the empire,
the powers-that-be call not for national self-identity, but for the protection of imperial
elements. In particular, the analysis carried out based on the results of a sociological
survey on the causes of conflicts in independent territories that emerged from the imperial
formations among Ukrainians after the beginning of the full-scale military aggression of
the Russian Federation against Ukraine, through analysis of correlations, the following
factors were determined to play a high role: the language factor, economic factor, struggle
for resources, territories, human capital, geopolitical struggle.
7. Conclusion
Thus, as a result of the conducted analysis, a retrospective of the development of the
processes of formation of conditions for the protection of national self-identity was
determined. The language was identified as one of the factors of national self-identity.
Initially, language was formed with the aim of ensuring social processes and exchange of
experience, but later it turned into a tool for manipulating human consciousness.
Therefore, the formation of national identity, and the factors that influenced their role in
historical processes determined the importance of the language issue in the development
of conflicts associated with the national liberation movement in colonial countries, the
protection of national identity as part of empires, the formation of national identity after
leaving the power of the empires, when the former empires tried to regain their influence
on the state.
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Eduweb, 2022, julio-septiembre, v.16, n.3. ISSN: 1856-7576