cases is collected in it in real-time. The platform is automatically updated every five minutes through an
information processing system distributed throughout the country. The quality of the data and the
mechanism of their verification are strictly controlled. Therefore, local courts or regional authorities cannot
manipulate their judicial statistics, which are submitted to a centralized national platform. The centralized
platform also collects, stores, and manages data about judges and court officials, court cases, and court
administration at all levels.
At the moment, artificial intelligence performs three functions in Chinese courts. It helps judges to make
decisions, provides legal information to the parties to the process, and also improves the quality of services
for all participants in the proceedings.
By 2022, artificial intelligence had assisted Chinese judges in handling simple cases, such as disputes over
low-cost contracts. At the same time, from July 2022, AI participates in the decision-making process by
judges in most court cases. Artificial intelligence also helps to eliminate gaps in forensics. A judge can
provide the system with information on the case he is conducting. The robot will prepare an analysis of
decisions based on those made in comparable cases and provide the judge with a certificate. In some
courts, such a system can even analyze draft court decisions. To do this, it compares the evidence in the
current case with the evidence from previous court decisions.
Artificial intelligence in Chinese courts provides parties with legal information. For example, the Internet
court of Beijing even developed a hologram that looks like a person. It tells the parties to the dispute basic
information about the general laws, rules, court system, and procedures. The hologram can clarify whether
the case is under the jurisdiction of this court and whether pre-trial dispute resolution methods are available
to the parties. But the system has limitations - bots are currently programmed to answer a maximum of
140 questions. Local courts in nine regions, including Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong, have also
launched new robots based on artificial intelligence in their courtrooms. Robots help to get all the necessary
information about processes. There are also more advanced applications with artificial intelligence. These
are robots that can estimate the potential results of dispute resolution (Zou, 2020).
Courts in China on the recommendation of the Supreme People's Court create universal service centers.
These centers consist of various integrated mechanisms that help the parties navigate the court process
more easily. Several courts have also created AI Services terminals. With their help, process participants
can scan and send files. Terminals can also draw up procedural documents for the parties, and identify
relevant laws, cases, and legal documents. In many courts, a system of object recognition is implemented.
The system can accept verbal commands to display the relevant information on the screen. In addition,
the technology can decode speech while listening and identify speakers. It can distinguish the voices of
judges, plaintiffs, defendants, and other participants in the court process. All this makes it possible to make
a transcript of the meeting automatically during the hearing. In essence, this is a text-based online
broadcast.
Three specialized Internet courts have become the most advanced in the system of "smart courts" in China.
They were created to resolve fast-growing online disputes in minimal time and money. The first internet
court was created in Hangzhou in August 2017. A year later, such courts appeared in Beijing and
Guangzhou. Specialized courts consider cases that are connected with the Internet and arise from disputes
about the violation of personal and property rights, and responsibility for the quality of goods and from
online stores. Internet courts are the first courts in China, where the entire process takes place online,
including registration and service of documents, collection, and presentation of evidence, conducting a trial,
issuing a court decision, execution, appeal, and other processes. Internet courts have integrated
mechanisms and network solutions for building a multi-level, diversified online dispute resolution system.
Such a system includes pre-trial mediation before the start of the process. The online meeting takes place
via video conference. Any part of the trial can be conducted offline at the request of the parties or following